Jim W. Dean presents Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton

Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS (19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890)  He was known for his travels and explorations within Asia and Africa as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures. According to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian, and African languages.[1]

Burton’s best-known achievements include travelling in disguise to Mecca, an unexpurgated translation of One Thousand and One Nights (also commonly called The Arabian Nights in English after Andrew Lang’s abridgement), bringing the Kama Sutra to publication in English, and journeying with John Hanning Speke as the first Europeans led by Africa’s greatest explorer guide, Sidi Mubarak Bombay, utilizing route information by Indian and Omani merchants who traded in the region, to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile.

Burton extensively criticized colonial policies (to the detriment of his career) in his works and letters. He was a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects including human behaviour, travel, falconry, fencing, sexual practices, and ethnography. A unique feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations and unexpurgated information.

He was a captain in the army of the East India Company serving in India (and later, briefly, in the Crimean War). Following this he was engaged by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the east coast of Africa and led an expedition guided by the locals and was the first European to see Lake Tanganyika. In later life he served as British consul in Fernando Po, Santos, Damascus and, finally, Trieste. He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood (KCMG) in 1886.****

The above was a quick overview from wikipedia. I chose Burton for you today as an example of a real life superman spy as we have a lot of intelligence career veterans as readers. Burton combined a phenomenal language ability with his orientalist studies which enabled him to ‘go native’ , the term used in the 1800’s.  His undercover versatility had him traveling deep into the East Indian Company

border areas as a canal digging coolie or the traveling Arab merchant who was also a religious scholar.

He is believed to be the first white man to have made the pilgrimage to Mecca, an instant death sentence if he had been caught. Later on back in East Asia, he used this trip to make himself a Haj superstar among the Muslim communities in Afghanistan. He learned early on that these fantastic journeys allowed him to corner the adventure book market during the peak of the British colonial age.

The bibliograhpy links below are a useful chronological list but do not include the large number of minor works.

Burton was also an early Hugh Hefner, using sex to sell his books by recording in detail the sexual practices of different ethnic groups along his travels. This included taking advantage of all the free publicity surrounding the forbidden content of his books, which of course make them more popular.

Burton is most well known for his trip with John Speke to Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, attempting to confirm the source of the Nile.  The movie Mountains of the Moon is a must see for you explorer adventurists out there. Tropical diseases had both men being carried in litters parts of the way. The expedition natives could have slit their throats at any time and made off with their remaining funds and equipment. And it is a miracle that this did not happen.

I discovered a fabulous online source for Burton archives by one of those wonderful Internet people who collect and make available every shred they can find about a famous or infamous character.  These images are from his website collection.

Gavan Tredoux has done a magnificent job here.

He did the grunt work, years of it.  I am just  the admirer and delivery boy today. But that is what we try to do here at VT, seek out and share the real gems.

Another great part of the Burton story is his wife Isabel who actually stayed married to him throughout thick and thin. She ran the home front part of the publishing business in England, editing and fighting the publishers and critics while Burton roamed the planet collecting new material.  He learned native languages wherever he went  He even made a post Civil War trip to the American West, with the usual sharp eyed observer notations…simply a joy to read.

The other good news is most all of his books are online…a treasure trove of period first person adventure writing and Tredoux has indexed  them all. Be sure to drop him a thank you note as archivists like these are the unsung heroes of the Net.

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My favorite Burton biography is Edward Rice’s.  A career this huge requires a talented condenser who can pile twenty five books  into one to get you jumped started on the Burton Iliad.  But don’t forget using the online stuff you wet your whistle. I surely did, and I close with my favorite photograph of Burton below.

Here are a few Burton notes I had put into a TV show prep file about slavery conditions in Africa, something airbrushed out of the American slavery perspective called comparative analysis.

…for Zanzibar was a clearing house for the import and export of human beings. Since the Sultan extorted a tax on each slave to pass through the island, “wretches were thrown overboard when sick, to prevent paying the duty; and the sea-beach before the town, as well as the plantations, presented the spectacles of dogs devouring human flesh.

What concerned the Amir was the fear that the English where likely to interfere with the slave trade, which brought him so much revenue.

In the Somali desert, where raiding parties were frequent, the nomads murdered even pregnant women in the hope that the unborn child might be a male. Slain enemies suffered castration and phallotomy (cutting their weenies off…jd). ” The hero carries home the trophy of his prowess.” Burton wrote, “and his wife, springing from her tent, utters a long scream of joy and taunts the other wives with their husbands’ failures, the women then abusing their men with peculiar virulence, and the lords fall into paroxysms of envy, hatred and malice.”

Fighting had broken out…over profits from the slave trade…a caravan had been plundered, the females carried off and sold; and three hundred “wretched boys” were castrated so they could be employed as eunuchs.

And what did a slave cost in Medina? A black slave girl for domestic use cost from $40 to $50 (Spanish), while “a little black boy, perfect in all his points, and tolerably intelligent, cost about a thousand piasters; girls are dearer, and eunuchs fetch double that sum.” But a white girl from Circassia was too expensive for Medina, for one would fetch from 100 to 400 pounds prime cost.

If any of you are wondering if there are any African continent slavery guilt tripping national holidays, the answer is ‘Ahhhh… no.’

Jim Dean, Heritage TV… Atlanta

• Goa and the Blue Mountains (1851)
• Scinde or the Unhappy Valley (1851)
• Sindh and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus (1851)
• Falconry in the Valley of the Indus (1852)
• A Complete System of Bayonet Exercise (1853)
• Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah 3 Vols. (1855-6). See also PDF facsimile
• First Footsteps in East Africa (1856). See also PDF Facsimile .
• The Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa (1859)
• The Lake Regions of Central Africa (1860)
• The City of the Saints, Among the Mormons and Across the Rocky Mountains to California (1861)
• Wanderings in West Africa (1863)
• Abeokuta and the Cameroon Mountains (1863)
• A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahomé (1864)
• The Nile Basin (1864) With James McQueen.
• Wit and Wisdom From West Africa (1865)
• Stone Talk (1865)
• The Guide-book. A Pictorial Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina (1865).
• Explorations of the Highlands of Brazil (1869)
• Letters From the Battlefields of Paraguay (1870)
• Vikram and the Vampire or Tales of Hindu Devilry (1870). See also PDF Facsimile.
• Unexplored Syria (1872)
• Zanzibar (1872)
• Ultima Thule (1872)
• The Lands of Cazembe. Lacerda’s Journey to Cazembe in 1798 (1873). Edited and translated by Burton.
• The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, Among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil. Translated by Albert Tootal and annotated by Richard F. Burton.
• A New System of Sword Exercise for Infantry (1876)
• Two Trips to Gorilla Land and the Cataracts of the Congo (1876) See also PDF Facsimile.
• Etruscan Bologna (1876)
• Sind Revisited (1877)
• The Gold Mines of Midian (1878)
• The Land of Midian (revisited) (1879)
• Os Lusiadas (The Lusiads) (two volumes 1880)
• The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi (1880). See also PDF Facsimile.
• A Glance at the Passion-Play (1881).
• To the Gold Coast for Gold 2 Vols. (1883). See also PDF Facsimile.
• The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana (1883) (with F. F. Arbuthnot).
• Camoens: His Life and His Lusiads (1883)
• Camoens. The Lyricks 2 Vols (1884)
• The Book of the Sword (1884)
• The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (ten volumes 1885)
• The Perfumed Garden of the Shaykh Nefzawi (1886)
• The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night (six volumes 1886 – 1888)
• The Jew, the Gypsy and El Islam (1898)
• The Sentiment of the Sword: A Country-House Dialogue (1911)